Solid evidence for the safety and efficacy of intrathecal ziconotide now exists and should be weighed when selecting a first-line therapy for patients with chronic refractory pain, according to updated best practices and guidelines that appear in the January edition of Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface.
“When we started publishing intrathecal guidelines back in the 1990s, we agreed that the guidelines would be a living document,” said co-author Peter S. Staats, MD,